.\"
.\" UnixCW CW Tutor Package - cw
.\" Copyright (C) 2001-2006  Simon Baldwin (simon_baldwin@yahoo.com)
.\" Copyright (C) 2011-2021  Kamil Ignacak (acerion@wp.pl)
.\"
.\" This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
.\" modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
.\" as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2
.\" of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
.\"
.\" This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
.\" but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
.\" MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
.\" GNU General Public License for more details.
.\"
.\" You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along
.\" with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
.\" 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
.\"
.\"
.TH CW 7 "CW Tutor Package" \" -*- nroff -*-
.SH NAME
.\"
CW \- the international Morse code
.\"
.\"
.\"
.SH DESCRIPTION
.\"
CW is an abbreviation for "continuous wave", the commonly used technical
term for Morse code communication.  A basic knowledge or understanding of
Morse code is a requirement for Radio Amateurs and Marine Radio Operators
in many parts of the world.
.PP
.\"
.\"
.\"
.SS MORSE CODE TIMINGS
.\"
In Morse code, a dot or dash is referred to as an element.  The basic
timing unit is the dot period.  This is the time taken to send a dot,
not including any space before or after the dot.  The lengths of all
other elements are then derived from this basic unit, using the
following rules:
.IP
The duration of a dash is three dots.
.IP
The time between each element (dot or dash) is one dot length.
.IP
The space between characters is three dot lengths.
.IP
The space between words is seven dot lengths.
.PP
The following formula calculates the dot period in microseconds from the
Morse code speed in words per minute:
.IP
.nf
dot period = ( 1200000 / speed )
.fi
.PP
This formula arises from the use of the word PARIS as a 'standard'
word for calibrating Morse code speed.  PARIS is 50 units long when
sent in Morse code.  Analysis of English plain-text indicates that
the average word is 50 units, including spaces.
.PP
.\"
.\"
.\"
.SS MORSE CODE CHARACTERS
.\"
The following list shows the IS0 8859-1 (Latin-1) characters that have
commonly understood representations in Morse code:
.IP
.\" \[u0022] = ", otherwise emacs syntax highlighting is messed up;
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ0123456789\[u0022]$()+\-./:;=?_@ and space
.PP
In addition, following ISO 8859-1 and ISO 8859-2 accented characters are
also part of the generally accepted international Morse code:
.IP
.\" ÜÄÇÖÉČŔŃŞŽ
\[:U]\[:A]\[,C]\[:O]\['E]\[`E]\[`A]\[~N]\[S u0327] (S with cedilla), \[Z u030C] (Z with caron/hacek),
.PP
Finally, \fBlibcw\fP adds the following ASCII characters as extensions to
single character procedural signals:
.IP
<>!&^~
.PP
.\"
.\"
.\"
.SS MORSE CODE CHARACTER TABLES
.\"
The following table shows the Morse code equivalents for the ISO 8859-1,
accented ISO 8859-1, and accented ISO 8859-2 characters above.  The ASCII
portion of this table is taken from the \fIARRL Handbook\fP, and the
accented extensions from various other sources:
.\"
.TS
l l l l
_ _ _ _
l l l l .
Ch	Code	Ch	Code
A	.-	B	-...
C	-.-.	D	-..
E	.	F	..-.
G	--.	H	....
I	..	J	.---
K	-.-	L	.-..
M	--	N	-.
O	---	P	.--.
Q	--.-	R	.-.
S	...	T	-
U	..-	V	...-
W	.--	X	-..-
Y	-.--	Z	--..
.BR
0	-----	1	.----
2	..---	3	...--
4	....-	5	.....
6	-....	7	--...
8	---..	9	----.
.BR
.\" \[u0022] = ", otherwise emacs syntax highlighting is messed up;
\[u0022]	.-..-.	'	.----.
$	...-..-	(	-.--.
)	-.--.-	+	.-.-.
,	--..--	-	-....-
.\" "\[char46]" is a dot
\[char46]	.-.-.-	/	-..-.
:	---...	;	-.-.-.
\(eq	-...-	?	..--..
\(ul	..--.-
.TE
.TS
l l l l
_ _ _ _
l l l l .
Ch	Code	Ch	Code
\[:U]	..--	\[:A]	.-.-
\[,C]	-.-..	\[:O]	---.
\['E]	..-..	\[`A]	.-..-
\[`A]	.--.-	\[~N]	--.--
\[S u0327] (S+cedilla)	----	\[vZ] (Z+caron/hacek)	--..-
.TE
.PP
In addition to the above standard characters, the following characters
are conventionally used for punctuation and procedural signals as
follows:
.\"
.TS
l l l l
_ _ _ _
l l l l.
Ch	Code	Ch	Code
.\" \[u0022] = "
\[u0022]	.-..-.	'	.----.
$	...-..-	(	-.--.
)	-.--.-	+	.-.-.
,	--..--	-	-....-
.\" "\[char46]" is a dot
\[char46]	.-.-.-	/	-..-.
:	---...	;	-.-.-.
\(eq	-...-	?	..--..
\(ul	..--.-	@	.--.-.
.TE
.PP
and the following are non-conventional extensions implemented
by \fBlibcw\fP:
.\"
.TS
l l l l
_ _ _ _
l l l l.
Ch	Code	Ch	Code
<	...-.-	>	-...-.-
!	...-.	&	.-...
^	-.-.-	~	.-.-..
.TE
.PP
An alternative view of punctuation and procedural signals is as
combination Morse characters:
.\"
.TS
l l l l
_ _ _ _
l l l l.
Ch	Prosig	Ch	Prosig
.\" \[u0022] = "
\[u0022]	[AF]	'	[WG]
$	[SX]	(	[KN]
)	[KK]	+	[AR]
,	[MIM]	-	[DU]
.\" "\[char46]" is a dot
\[char46]	[AAA]	/	[DN]
:	[OS]	;	[KR]
\(eq	[BT]	?	[IMI]
\(ul	[IQ]	@	[AC]
<	[VA],[SK]	>	[BK]
!	[SN]	&	[AS]
^	[KA]	~	[AL]
.TE
.PP
.\"
.\"
.\"
.SH NOTES
.\"
Despite the fact that this manual page constantly and consistently
refers to Morse code elements as dots and dashes, DO NOT think in these
terms when trying to learn Morse code.  Always think of them as 'dit's
and 'dah's.
.PP
.\"
.\"
.\"
.SH SEE ALSO
.\"
Man pages for \fBlibcw\fP(3,LOCAL), \fBcw\fP(1,LOCAL), \fBcwgen\fP(1,LOCAL),
\fBcwcp\fP(1,LOCAL), and \fBxcwcp\fP(1,LOCAL).
.\"
